- Lack of educational aid for boys and men, given that their performance/enrollment at most levels lags behind that of girls and women; some[which?] states declaring (de jure orde facto) all-male schools illegal and all-female schools legal.
- There is concern that some university women's studies departments are more concerned with teaching feminist ideology than equality of gender. The content and emphasis of these courses vary, and some even discuss "masculinities"; but masculists fear that many such courses contribute to animosity towards men.[who?]
- Some universities also carry men's studies courses. Some[who?] feminists argue that these are redundant, stating that academia throughout history was predominantly focused on men; however, supporters of these courses note that most subjects throughout history have not dealt with gender directly.
- Some studies have indicated that boys attract more teacher attention in classrooms compared to girls and, thus, boys receive harsher forms of punishment as well as more frequent punishment than girls for the same offenses.[1]
[edit]Employment
- Harder physical entrance criteria for men in many occupations, such as the army, police and fire service. Requiring men to be physically stronger than women in these occupations leaves men responsible for a greater share of the physical work, for no more pay.[25]
- Legal inequality and protections of paternal vs. maternal leave in most countries.
- Data from 1994 in the U.S. reported that 94% of workplace fatalities occur to men. Masculist Warren Farrell has argued that men are often clustered in dirty, physically demanding and hazardous jobs in an unjustifiably disproportionate manner.[1]
[edit]Differences in masculist ideology
There is no consensus as to what constitutes masculism. Some[who?] feel the word describes a belief that the male and female genders should be considered complementary and interdependent by necessity. Such expressions of masculism are built around the belief that differentiated gender roles are natural and should be exempt from government interference. Other masculists, such as Warren Farrell, support an ideology of equivalence between the sexes, rather than a belief in unchangeable gender differences. A more encompassing definition might be "a movement to empower males in society, and to redress discrimination against men."
Because it is the name of a political and social movement, masculism is sometimes considered synonymous with the men's rights or fathers' rights movements. However, many of the fathers' rights movement make a clear distinction between masculism and their own often quite varied approaches to gender relations.[26]
Gender roles in religion are a source of disagreement among masculists: some support a general leadership role for men, while others argue for relative equality between the genders. Liberal masculists such as Warren Farrell tend to favor a secular, gender-neutral stance, whereas conservatives tend to prefer a religious approach, such as represented in The Inevitability of Patriarchy by Steven Goldberg. Conservatives may promote a "New Patriarchy" by countering feminist ideology with their own. Such liberal-conservative dynamics illustrate the diversity of a movement that nonetheless has a unified purpose of promoting men's welfare.
[edit]Progressive masculism
Progressive masculists view masculism as a complementary movement to feminism, both movements seeking to correct gender discrimination. Progressive masculists do not reject feminism as a movement nor consider feminism a hostile movement and adopt cooperative vision.[27]
Warren Farrell, widely seen as a progressive masculist stated in The Myth of Male Power that both genders are hampered by the "bisexist" roles of the past: sexism that oppresses both genders.[28] He emphasises the compatibility of both movements:
I use two podiums to debate myself as a feminist and masculist.
Another supporter states:
We must not reverse the women's movement; we must accelerate it...
Men's liberation is not a backlash, for there is nothing about traditional sex roles that I want to go back to.
—Fred Hayward, Speech to the National Congress for Men, 1981
Farrell suggests that masculism in his conception can assist and aid the women's movement.
Likewise, gender egalitarians call for both masculists and feminists who are truly interested in equality to unite under one banner of gender egalitarianism. This philosophy is sympathetic to legitimate grievances of both males and females.
The principle of defining masculism on gendereconomy.com is by reverting the definition of feminism and including the same two levels – men are subordinate to women, this condition has to be changed. Masculism carries assumptions about the proper distribution of power and privilege and serves as the bases for a plan of action. Masculism here is defined as a tool to reveal gender inequality. It focuses on the domination of women over men and claims that men are oppressed by hierarchical structures and stereotypes in different levels of society. The scapegoats of masculism are women and domains of female dominance are claimed to be responsible for all the injustice done to men in particular and society in general. Men and women both are found equally responsible for the unsatisfying relations between sexes.[30]
[edit]Literary theory
Masculist literary theory is a response to feminist literary theory. The term was coined by Rachel Bishop in "The Masculinist Manifesto".[citation needed]
See also
[edit]Men's movements and organizations
- Fathers 4 Justice
- Men's movement
- Promise Keepers
- Save Indian Family
- International Men's Day (19 November: Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Australia, India, United States, Singapore, United Kingdom, Malta, South Africa, Hungary, Ireland, Ghana, and Canada)
[edit]People associated with masculism
[edit]Reactions
[edit]Feminism
Masculism is controversial amongst some feminists, who use and define the term synonymously with male chauvinism; the belief in the superiority of men or of masculine things and ideas.[31][32] It is the general opinion of modern feminists that masculism defined as "male superiority or dominance" is inherently opposed to the equality cause and is labeled as a form of misogyny.[33]
Some feminists are actively involved in promoting men's rights, especially father's rights and social equality, arguing that this position is necessary for feminism and women's equality. [34] [35]
[edit]Bibliography
- Politics of Aristotle asserts excellence varies with social role, including gender.
- The Legal Subjection of Men, 1908 antithesis of John Stuart Mill's 1869 The Subjection of Women.
- The Fraud of Feminism by Ernest Belfort Bax, 1914.
- The Myth of the Monstrous Male and Other Feminist Fallacies; John Gordon, Playboy Press, New York, 1982; ISBN 0-87223-758-3
- The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex; Warren Farrell, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1993: ISBN 0-671-79349-7
- Manliness by Harvey Mansfield (2006) Yale Press [2] ISBN 0-300-10664-5
- Not Guilty: The Case in Defense of Men; David Thomas, William Morrow and Co., Inc., New York, 1993; ISBN 0-688-11024-X
- Good Will Toward Men; Jack Kammer, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994; ISBN 0-312-10471-5
- Moral Panic: Biopolitics Rising; John Fekete, Robert Davies Publishing, Montreal-Toronto, 1994: ISBN 1-895854-09-1
- The New Men's Studies: A Selected and Annotated Interdisciplinary Bibliography (2nd Edition); Eugene R. August, Libraries Unlimited, Inc., Englewood, CO, 1994: ISBN 1-56308-084-2
- A Man's World: How Real Is Male Privilege - And How High Is Its Price?; Ellis Cose, Harper Collins, New York, 1995: ISBN 0-06-017206-1
- Why Men Don't Iron: The Real Science of Gender Studies; Anne & Bill Moir, Harper Collins, Hammersmith, London, 1998; ISBN 0-00-257035-1 (Trade Paperback); ISBN 0-00-257048-3 (Hardcover)
- The Church Impotent: The Feminization of Christianity; Leon J. Podles, Spence Publishing Co., Dallas, TX, 1999. (The title is a play on the Christian theological terms church militant and church triumphant.)
- Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture; Paul Nathanson and Katherine K. Young, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2001; ISBN 0-7735-2272-7
- Sex Differences, Modern Biology and the Unisex Fallacy, Yves Christen
- Who Stole Feminism?: How Women Have Betrayed Women; Christina Hoff Sommers ISBN 0-684-80156-6
- The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men; Christina Hoff Sommers ISBN 0-684-84956-9
- Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren't Supposed to Know by Thomas B. James ISBN 1-59330-122-7
- Ceasefire! : Why Women And Men Must Join Forces To Achieve True Equality; Cathy Young ISBN 0-684-83442-1
- The Masculine Mystique; Andrew Kimbrell ISBN 0-345-38658-2
[edit]References
- ^ a b c d e Cathy Young (July 1994). "Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Men's Movement". Reason. "Mas*cu*lism, n. 1. the belief that equality between the sexes requires the recognition and redress of prejudice and discrimination against men as well as women."
- ^ "masculinism, n". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
- ^ "masculism, n (2)". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
- ^ E. Belfort Bax, The Fraud of Feminism, at Marxists.org
- ^ menz.org.nz/2008/minimization-of-violence-against-men/
- ^ iol.co.za
- ^ Prof. Hilde Pape, University of Oslo. The report is also referring to studies from US in 1977 (In Norwegian)
- ^ Professor David Fergusson and Associate Professor Richie Poulton, University of Otago, New Zealand. (Missing the research report itself) [1]
- ^ a b The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex; Warren Farrell, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1993: ISBN 0-671-79349-7
- ^ http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report8.html#_1_50
- ^ Zenas Baer (1996). "Are Baby Boys Entitled to the Same Protection as Baby Girls Regarding Genital Mutilation?". NOHARMM.org. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
- ^ "Can A Man Be Raped?". Time. 1991-06-03.
- ^ a b Watkins, B. & Bentovim, A. (1992). The sexual abuse of male children and adolescents: a review of current research. Journal of Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry, 33(10), 197-248.
- ^ http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/ask-dr-helen-can-a-man-be-raped-by-a-woman/
- ^ newsamericanow.com Double Standard: The Bias Against Male Victims of Sexual Abuse
- ^ dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2004/03/26/rape_shield/index.html?sid=1213003
- ^ www.law.cornell.edu/topics/Table_Marriage.htm
- ^ query.nytimes.com/gst
- ^ "Difference in income tax exemption limits for men and women in India"
- ^ National Statistics (UK)
- ^ http://www.zerocancer.org/library/federal_funding_charts.pdf
- ^ http://www.kureit.org/
- ^ http://www.roswellpark.org/media/news/women-engaged-fight-against-prostate-cancer-take-advocacy-effort-capitol-hill
- ^ http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2007/tc20070612_953676.htm
- ^ http://www.dfas.mil/militarypay/militarypaytables/2009MilitaryPayTables.pdf
- ^ Gender Economy, section Definitions, subsection Masculism - As a political and social movement masculism is considered by some feminists to be synonymous with the men's rights or fathers' rights movements. However, many of the fathers' rights movement make a clear distinction between masculism and their own often quite varied approaches to gender relations.
- ^ The Diverse and Growing Men's Movement
- ^ Farrell, Ph.D., Warren (1993). The Myth of Male Power. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. ISBN 0425181448.
- ^ "Warren Speaking". warrenfarrell.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
- ^ Gendereconomy.com, page Definitions, section Masculism: The principle of defining masculism here is by reverting the definition of feminism and including the same two levels – men are subordinate to women, this condition has to be changed. Masculism carries assumptions about the proper distribution of power and privilege and serves as the bases for a plan of action.
- ^ http://www.allwords.com/word-masculism.html
- ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/masculinist
- ^ Susan B. Boyd; Dorothy E. Chunn; Hester Lessard (2007). Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change. UBC Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 9780774814119.
- ^ 1 Harv. Women's L.J. 107 (1978) Fathers' Rights and Feminism: The Maternal Presumption Revisited; Uviller, Rena K.
- ^ Unwed Fathers' Rights, Adoption, and Sex Equality: Gender-Neutrality and the Perpetuation of Patriarchy
[edit]External links
